Like many companies, yours probably stores at least some of its business files, documents and information in “the cloud.” This is the widely used term referring to the seemingly infinite data storage capacity of the Internet.

Using the cloud generally means lower IT costs, because you don’t have to deploy a lot of expensive hardware and software on-site and it’s scalable — in other words, you can easily expand or diminish your data storage capabilities as necessary. Most cloud services also feature automatic backups and updates.

But these inherently great features don’t guarantee you’ll get a good return on investment. To make the most of the cloud, you’ll need to identify and follow some best practices. Here are two to consider.

A carefully vetted provider

Moving from on-premises, server-based data storage to cloud-based data storage requires a different mindset. You’ll be unable to physically look at and touch a server box and say, “That’s where my data is stored.”

This makes it critical to choose a cloud services provider you can trust and build a strong relationship with as a true business partner. Ask potential providers for the names of two or three of their clients you can speak with about issues such as level of security, responsiveness and technological sophistication.

Well-defined objectives

You need to pinpoint your recovery time objectives and recovery point objectives (that is, the most critical data points for your business) concerning the backup and recovery of your data in an emergency. Be sure you’ve clearly communicated these to your cloud services provider.
Your provider should be able to work with you on an individualized basis to ensure that your objectives will be met. You don’t want to find out during a crisis that you’ve lost mission-critical data.

Worth considering

If you haven’t ventured into the cloud yet, give it some consideration — these services are becoming increasingly common. And if you have, be sure you’re getting your money’s worth.

© 2016

Last year you may have made significant gifts to your children, grandchildren or other heirs as part of your estate planning strategy. Or perhaps you just wanted to provide loved ones with some helpful financial support. Regardless of the reason for making a gift, it’s important to know under what circumstances you’re required to file a gift tax return.

Some transfers require a return even if you don’t owe tax. And sometimes it’s desirable to file a return even if it isn’t required.

When filing is required

Generally, you’ll need to file a gift tax return for 2016 if, during the tax year, you made gifts:

•    That exceeded the $14,000-per-recipient gift tax annual exclusion (other than to your U.S. citizen spouse),

•    That exceeded the $148,000 annual exclusion for gifts to a noncitizen spouse,

•    That you wish to split with your spouse to take advantage of your combined $28,000 annual exclusions,

•    To a Section 529 college savings plan for your child, grandchild or other loved one and wish to accelerate up to five years’ worth of annual exclusions ($70,000) into 2016,

•    Of future interests — such as remainder interests in a trust — regardless of the amount, or

•    Of jointly held or community property.

When filing isn’t required

No return is required if your gifts for the year consist solely of annual exclusion gifts, present interest gifts to a U.S. citizen spouse, qualifying educational or medical expenses paid directly to a school or health care provider, and political or charitable contributions.

If you transferred hard-to-value property, such as artwork or interests in a family-owned business, consider filing a gift tax return even if you’re not required to. Adequate disclosure of the transfer in a return triggers the statute of limitations, generally preventing the IRS from challenging your valuation more than three years after you file.

Meeting the deadline

The gift tax return deadline is the same as the income tax filing deadline. For 2016 returns, it’s April 18, 2017 (or October 16 if you file for an extension). If you owe gift tax, the payment deadline is also April 18, regardless of whether you file for an extension.

Have questions about gift tax and the filing requirements? Contact us to learn more.

© 2017

 

The break allowing taxpayers to take an itemized deduction for state and local sales taxes in lieu of state and local income taxes was made “permanent” a little over a year ago. This break can be valuable to those residing in states with no or low income taxes or who purchase major items, such as a car or boat.

Your 2016 tax return

How do you determine whether you can save more by deducting sales tax on your 2016 return? Compare your potential deduction for state and local income tax to your potential deduction for state and local sales tax.

Don’t worry — you don’t have to have receipts documenting all of the sales tax you actually paid during the year to take full advantage of the deduction. Your deduction can be determined by using an IRS sales tax calculator that will base the deduction on your income and the sales tax rates in your locale plus the tax you actually paid on certain major purchases (for which you will need substantiation).

2017 and beyond

If you’re considering making a large purchase in 2017, you shouldn’t necessarily count on the sales tax deduction being available on your 2017 return. When the PATH Act made the break “permanent” in late 2015, that just meant that there’s no scheduled expiration date for it. Congress could pass legislation to eliminate the break (or reduce its benefit) at any time.

Recent Republican proposals have included elimination of many itemized deductions, and the new President has proposed putting a cap on itemized deductions. Which proposals will make it into tax legislation in 2017 and when various provisions will be signed into law and go into effect is still uncertain.

Questions about the sales tax deduction or other breaks that might help you save taxes on your 2016 tax return? Or about the impact of possible tax law changes on your 2017 tax planning? Contact us — we can help you maximize your 2016 savings and effectively plan for 2017.

© 2017

Did your company undergo a major strategic shift in 2016? If so, management may need to comply with the updated rules for reporting discontinued operations that went into effect in 2015 for most companies. Discontinued operations typically don’t happen every year, so it’s important to review the basics before preparing your year-end financial statements.

Narrower definition of discontinued operations

Under Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-08, disposal of a component (including business activities) must be reported in discontinued operations only if the disposal represents a “strategic shift” that has or will have a major effect on the company’s operations and financial results. A component comprises operations and cash flows that can be clearly distinguished, both operationally and for financial reporting purposes, from the rest of the company. It could be a reportable segment or an operating segment, a reporting unit, a subsidiary or an asset group.

Examples of a qualifying strategic major shift include disposal of a major geographic area, a line of business or an equity method investment. When such a strategic shift occurs, a company must present, for each comparative period, the assets and liabilities of a disposal group that includes a discontinued operation separately in the asset and liability sections of the balance sheet.

Expanded disclosures

To provide financial statement users with more information about the assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses of discontinued operations, the new guidance also requires expanded disclosures. The following expanded disclosures must be made for the periods in which the operating results of the discontinued operation are presented in the income statement:

The major classes of line items constituting the pretax profit or loss of the discontinued operation. Examples of major line-item classes include revenue, cost of sales, depreciation and amortization, and interest expense.

One of the following: Either 1) the total operating and investing cash flows of the discontinued operation, or 2) the depreciation, amortization, capital expenditures, and significant operating and investing noncash items of the discontinued operations.

The pretax profit or loss attributable to the parent. This applies if the discontinued operation includes a noncontrolling interest.

Management also must provide various disclosures and reconciliations of items held for sale for the period in which the discontinued operation is so classified and for all prior periods presented in the statement of financial position. Additional disclosures may be required if the company plans significant continuing involvement with a discontinued operation — or if a disposal doesn’t qualify for discontinued operations reporting.

Which rules to apply?

Unsure whether a disposal qualifies as a discontinued operation under the updated rules? Reporting disposals can be confusing and time-consuming. We can help you understand the new, simpler discontinued operations guidance, which, if applicable, could streamline your reporting process.

© 2016

Abstract: Borrowers’ accounting practices can vary widely. An accounting tool called “normalizing” can help adjust income statements and balance sheets to compensate for companies’ different accounting methods. Failing to normalize financial statements may result in faulty lending decisions. This article uses some examples to illustrate how normalizing works and the difference it can make in helping a lender who is evaluating a borrower accurately compare its practices to those of a competitor or to industry benchmarks.

Don’t compare apples to oranges
Evaluate borrowers accurately by normalizing financial statements

In evaluating their borrowers, lenders need to use all the tools at their disposal — including an accounting tactic called “normalizing.” Normalizing involves adjustments to income statements and balance sheets to compensate for companies’ differing accounting methods. Because borrowers’ accounting practices vary widely, comparing them without adjusting their financial statements is like comparing apples to oranges. Ultimately, failing to normalize financial statements may result in faulty lending decisions.

No two are alike

Even within the broad confines of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), it’s rare for two companies to follow exactly the same accounting practices. When you compare a borrower’s practices to those of a competitor or to industry benchmarks, it’s important to understand how they report transactions.
A small firm, for example, might report earnings when cash is received (cash basis accounting), but its competitor might record a sale when it sends out the invoice (accrual basis accounting). Differences in inventory reporting, pension reserves, depreciation methods and cost capitalization vs. expensing policies also are common.
Additionally, some tax accounting practices — expanded Section 179 and bonus depreciation deductions, for example — may temporarily defer income taxes. So, consider the tax implications when reconciling different tax accounting methods.

Past vs. future

Lenders need to distinguish between historic performance results that represent potential ongoing earning power and those historic results that don’t. If a one-time revenue (or expense) or gain (or loss) will temporarily distort the company’s future earnings potential, you would add back expenses and losses (or subtract the revenues and gains) if they’re not expected to recur.
If a borrower’s plant was devastated by a hurricane or a borrower experienced a $1 million equipment theft, for instance, you’d add back the extraordinary losses to get a clearer picture of normal operating performance. Or if the borrower won a $5 million lawsuit, you’d subtract the gain. Other nonrecurring items might include discontinued lines or expenses incurred in an acquisition.
But go beyond just adjusting these charges. One-time charges — insurance claims and fraud losses are examples — could shed light on future risk factors. Ask about the nature of these charges and any preventive measures the borrower has taken or will be taking to minimize the risk of recurrence.

At arm’s length

Some closely held business owners are paid based on the company’s cash flow or the owner’s personal needs, not on the market value of services they provide. Many closely held businesses also employ family members, conduct business with affiliates and extend loans to company insiders.
Because of this, you, as the lender, should identify all related-party transactions and inquire whether they occur at “arm’s length.” Also consider reconciling for unusual perquisites provided to insiders, such as season tickets to sporting events, college tuition or company vehicles.

On an equal basis

While most normalizing reconciliations are made to the income statement, many flow through to the balance sheet, which is often the lender’s starting point in determining collateral values.
Suppose one manufacturer uses eight-year useful lives for its equipment, but another uses six-year useful lives for the same items. To create an equal basis of comparison, you might reconcile the first company’s earnings downward to reflect its slower depreciation technique. In addition, the net book value of its equipment should be lowered to reflect its relatively inadequate depreciation deductions. These lender-made normalizing adjustments effectively make the first borrower appear less attractive than initially shown on its financial statements when compared to the second borrower.

See your borrowers as they are

Obviously, you need to evaluate each borrower based on its individual circumstances. But in assessing your borrowers’ performances and potential for future growth, you also need to be able to engage in comparisons — whether between industries or over time. To that end, normalizing reconciliations to financial statements can help you see borrowers’ financial situations more clearly, leading to better lending decisions.
© 2016